1. You must know the bones.
2. You must know the classes of joints.
3. You must know the ligaments, especially of the foot.
Ankle sprains: ligaments sprained in the following order: anterior talofibular, calcaneofibular, posterior talofibular
4. You must know the origin, insertion, action, and innervation of the muscles. (To put it simply, you need this book. You don’t need both the book and its accompanying flash cards, but one or the other. I recommend getting the book for completeness of notes.)
Upper Extremities – Arm
Compartment
Anterior compartment
Muscles
BBC: biceps brachii, brachialis, coracobrachialis
Nerve
Musculocutaneous (C5-7)
Blood supply
Brachial artery
Action
Flexion (BBC), supination (biceps brachii), adduction (coracobrachialis)
Notes
Coracoid process origin: biceps brachii (short head), coracobrachialis
Compartment
Posterior compartment
Muscles
Triceps, anconeus
Nerve
Radial (C5-T1)
Blood supply
Profunda brachii
Action
Extension of elbow (short head of triceps and anconeus), extension of humerus (long head of triceps)
Notes
Coracoid process origin: biceps brachii (short head), coracobrachialis
Upper Extremities – Forearm
Compartment
Anterior compartment
Muscles
Superficial layer: pronator teres, flexor carpi radialis, palmaris longus, flexor carpi ulnaris)
Intermediate layer: flexor digitorum superficialis
Deep layer: pronator quadratus, flexor digitorum profundus (did not say flexor pollicis longus)
Nerve
All by median nerve (C5-T1) except ulnar half of flexor digitorum profundus and flexor carpi ulnaris is ulnar nerve (C7-T1)
Blood supply
Radial artery, ulnar artery
Action
Flexion of hand, pronation
Notes
Common origin is medial epicondyle.
Compartment
Posterior compartment (p. 115)
Muscles
Extensors in forearm, supinator, brachioradialis
Nerve
Radial nerve
Blood supply
Radial artery, ulnar artery
Action
Extension, supination
Notes
Common origin is lateral epicondyle.
Upper Extremities – Hand
Compartment
Thenar
Muscles
Abductor pollicis brevis
Opponens pollicis
Flexor pollicis brevis
Adductor pollicis
Nerve
All recurrent branch of median nerve except ulnar nerve for deep part of flexor pollicis brevis and adductor pollicis)
Blood supply
Radial artery (superficial palmar branch)
Action
Move the thumb
Notes
Most originate off trapezium and flexor retinaculum
Compartment
Hypothenar
Muscles
Flexor digiti minimi
Opponens digiti minimi
Abductor digiti minimi
Palmaris brevis
Nerve
Ulnar nerve
Blood supply
Ulnar artery
Action
Move the little finger
Notes
Most originate off hook of hamate and flexor retinaculum
Lower Extremities – Thigh
Compartment
Anterior compartment
Muscles
Quadriceps (vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius, vastus medialis, rectus femoris)
Sartorius
Pectineus
Iliopsoas (iliacus, psoas major)
Nerve
Femoral nerve (L2-4)
L2,3 for psoas major
Blood supply
Femoral artery
Action
Extension of knee (quads), flexion of thigh (sartorius, pectineus, iliopsoas), rectus femoris crosses two joints and does both
Notes
Rectus femoris crosses two joints and flexes the thigh and extension of knee.
Compartment
Medial compartment
Muscles
Adductors (adductor longus, adductor brevis, adductor magnus, gracilis)
Nerve
Obturator nerve (L2-4)
Sciatic nerve (L4-S3) for posterior part of adductor magnus
Blood supply
Obturator artery
Action
Adductors of thigh, assist medial rotation and flexion of thigh
Notes
Most originate off anterior pubis and ischial tuberosity (adductor magnus has both origins)
Compartment
Posterior compartment
Muscles
Hamstrings (BTM)
Nerve
Sciatic nerve (tibial division) except short head of biceps femoris which is fibular division of sciatic nerve
Blood supply
Profunda femoris
Action
Extension of thigh, flexion of leg
Notes
Most originate off ischial tuberosity except short head of biceps femoris (linea aspera)
Compartment
Lateral (gluteal) compartment of thigh
Muscles
Tensor fasciae latae
Gluteus medius, minimus, maximus
Nerve
Superior gluteal nerve except gluteus maximus which is inferior gluteal nerve
Blood supply
Superior and inferior gluteal arteries (upper and lower border of piriformis)
Action
Abduction and medial rotation of femur (TFL, medius, minimus)
Extension and lateral rotation of femur (maximus)
Notes
TFL and gluteus maximus insert into IT tract which ends in the lateral condyle of tibia.
Lower Extremities – Leg
Compartment
Anterior compartment
Muscles
Tibialis anterior
Extensor digitorum longus
Extensor hallucis longus
Fibularis tertius
Extensor digitorum brevis
Nerve
Deep fibular nerve
Blood supply
Anterior tibial artery
Action
Dorsiflexion, extension of toes, inversion (tibialis anterior), eversion (fibularis tertius)
Notes
Originate off tibia and fibula
Extensor digitorum brevis originates off calcaneus
Compartment
Posterior compartment
Muscles
Triceps surae (gastrocnemius, soleus)
Tibialis posterior
Flexor digitorum longus
Flexor hallucis longus
Plantaris
Popliteus
Nerve
Tibial nerve (L4-S3)
Blood supply
Posterior tibial artery
Action
Plantarflexion, flexion of knee (gastrocnemius, plantaris, popliteus)
Popliteus unlocks the knee
Notes
Compartment
Lateral compartment
Muscles
Fibularis longus
Fibularis brevis
Nerve
Superficial fibular nerve
Blood supply
Fibular branch of posterior tibial artery
Action
Eversion, assist plantarflexion
Notes
Originate off fibula
5. You must know the layers of foot (4) and the trunk, head, and neck muscles.
6. Triangles (right-sided views)
Triangles of the neck
Anterior triangle: Midline of neck, SCM, mandible
Posterior triangle: Trapezius, SCM, clavicle
Carotid triangle: Superior belly of the omohyoid, posterior diagastric (or stylohyoid), SCM
Suboccipital triangle: occipital bone (below inferior nuchal line), SP of axis, T1 of atlas; rectus capitus posterior major between occipital bone and SP of axis, obliquus capitis inferioris between SP of C2 and TP of C1, obliquus capitis superioris between occipital bone and TP of C1
Triangle of auscultation: lateral border of trapezius, latissimus dorsi, medial border of scapula
Lumbar triangle: iliac crest, latissimus dorsi, posterior edge of external oblique
Femoral triangle: inguinal ligament, sartorius, medial border of adductor longus; contains the NAVAL of the thigh from lateral to medial
Quadrangular space
Triangular space
7. Miscellaneous
Laryngeal cartilages (9 total) (p. 128)
3 primary brain vesicles: prosencephalon, mesencephalon, rhombencephalon (from cephalad to caudal)
5 secondary brain vesicles: telencephalon and diencephalon from prosencephalon, mesencephalon stays the same, metencephalon and myelencephalon from rhombencephalon
Telecephalon derives: cerebral hemispheres, lateral ventricles, septum pellucidum, basal nuclei, fornix, corpus callosum
Diencephalon derives: thalamus, epithalamus, hypothalamus, neurohypophysis (part of pos. pituitary), pineal body, infundibulum, optic chiasm, 3rd ventricle, mammillary bodies
Mesencephalon: midbrain, cerebral aqueduct, corpora quadrigemina, cerebral penduncles
Metencephalon: cerebellum, pons, upper part of 4th ventricle
Myelencephalon: medulla oblongata, lower part of 4th ventricle
Suprahyoid muscles: digastric, stylohyoid, geniohyoid, mylohyoid
Infrahyoid muscles: omohyoid, sternohyoid, sternothyroid, thyrohyoid; stabilize hyoid bone when suprahyoid muscles are contracting
Muscles of mastication: masseter, temporalis, lateral and medial pterygoid
Dorsal ramus of C1 = suboccipital nerve
Dorsal ramus of C2 and C3 = greater occipital nerve
Dorsal ramus of C3 = 3rd occipital nerve
Phrenic nerve (C3-5)
Flow of cerebral spinal fluid (p. 168)
lateral ventricle –> interventricular foramina –> 3rd ventricle –> cerebral aqueduct –> 4th ventricle –> lateral foramina (2) and median foramen (1) –> subarachnoid space (cerebellomedullary cistern) –> arachnoid granulations/villi –> superior sagittal sinus
1st pouch: auditory tube
2nd pouch: epithelial portions of palatine tonsil
3rd pouch dorsal portion: inferior parathyroid
3rd pound ventral portion: thymus
4th pouch dorsal portion: superior parathyroid
4th pouch ventral portion: ultimobranchial body
1st cleft: external acoustic meatus
No derivatives of other clefts